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Oil in the Sea IV - Committee On Oil In The Sea Iv - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Oil in the Sea IV - Committee On Oil In The Sea Iv - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Oil and natural gas represent more than 50 percent of the worldwide energy supply, with high energy demand driven by population growth and improving standards of living. Despite significant progress in reducing the amount of oil in the sea from consumption, exploration, transportation, and production, risks remain. This report, the fourth in a series, documents the current state-of-knowledge on inputs, fates and effects of oil in the sea, reflecting almost 20 additional years of research, including long-term effects from spills such as the Exxon Valdez and a decade-long boom in oil spill science research following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The report finds that land-based sources of oil are the biggest input of oil to the sea, far outweighing other sources, and it also notes that the effects of chronic inputs on the marine environment, such as land-based runoff, are very different than that from an acute input, such as a spill. Steps to prevent chronic land-based oil inputs include reducing gasoline vehicle usage, improving fuel efficiency, increasing usage of electric vehicles, replacing older vehicles. The report identifies research gaps and provides specific recommendations aimed at preventing future accidental spills and ensuring oil spill responders are equipped with the best response tools and information to limit oil's impact on the marine environment. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Petroleum as a Complex Chemical Mixture3 Input of Oil to the Sea4 Accidental Spill Mitigation5 Fates of Oil in the Sea6 Effects of Oil in the Sea7 RecommendationsReferencesAcronyms and AbbreviationsGlossaryAppendix A: North American Zone DescriptionsAppendix B: Energy Outlook Data SourcesAppendix C: Estimating Land-Based Sources of Oil in the SeaAppendix D: Regional Values of Water-to-Oil Ratio for Calculating Inputs from Produced WaterAppendix E: Common Shoreline Response OptionsAppendix F: Technical Aspects of Equations and Models for Droplet Breakup in Turbulent FlowsAppendix G: Classification of Intertidal, Subtidal, Ice, and On-Water AreasAppendix H: Omics TechniquesAppendix I: Table of Common Hydrocarbon DegradersAppendix J: Committee Biographies

DKK 596.00
3

Review of ICCOPR's 2022-2027 Oil Pollution Research and Technology Plan - Ocean Studies Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Review of ICCOPR's 2022-2027 Oil Pollution Research and Technology Plan - Ocean Studies Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

After the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, advancing oil pollution research and technology to limit the environmental impacts of oil spills became a national and international priority. Congress responded by enacting the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and forming the Interagency Coordinating Committee on Oil Pollution Research (ICCOPR) to coordinate research for preventing, planning for, responding to, and mitigating the effects of oil pollution on the environment. To achieve this end, ICCOPR published the oil pollution research and technology plan to guide research and funding priorities in 1992, with updates released over the years, most recently, the 2022-2027 Research and Technology Plan. This new report provides advice and guidance on the approach, structure, adequacy, and implementation of ICCOPR 2022-2027 Research and Technology Plan. Coordinated research efforts are necessary so knowledge and capacity related to oil spill prevention, preparedness, response, mitigation, and restoration can be advanced. Future updates of the plan should utilize a more streamlined, transparent, and community-driven development process including development of an oil pollution research dashboard and inclusion of metrics to assess and communicate progress on oil pollution research priorities. ICCOPR should also initiate processes to allow for open-water field trials when appropriate. The report recommendations were developed to assist ICCOPR with developing a Research and Technology Plan that can be widely used to promote progress, coordination, and collaboration on priority oil pollution research needs within the United States and globally - research needs that are important for improving knowledge, capacity, and regulations to safeguard the environment. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Evaluation of the R&T Plan Development Process3 Evaluation of the R&T Plan Content4 Implementation of the R&T PlanReferencesAppendix: Committee Biographies

DKK 195.00
3

The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response - Committee On The Evaluation Of The Use Of Chemical Dispersants In Oil Spill Response - Bog -

The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response - Committee On The Evaluation Of The Use Of Chemical Dispersants In Oil Spill Response - Bog -

Whether the result of an oil well blowout, vessel collision or grounding, leaking pipeline, or other incident at sea, each marine oil spill will present unique circumstances and challenges. The oil type and properties, location, time of year, duration of spill, water depth, environmental conditions, affected biomes, potential human community impact, and available resources may vary significantly. Also, each spill may be governed by policy guidelines, such as those set forth in the National Response Plan, Regional Response Plans, or Area Contingency Plans. To respond effectively to the specific conditions presented during an oil spill, spill responders have used a variety of response options—including mechanical recovery of oil using skimmers and booms, in situ burning of oil, monitored natural attenuation of oil, and dispersion of oil by chemical dispersants. Because each response method has advantages and disadvantages, it is important to understand specific scenarios where a net benefit may be achieved by using a particular tool or combination of tools. This report builds on two previous National Research Council reports on dispersant use to provide a current understanding of the state of science and to inform future marine oil spill response operations. The response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill included an unprecedented use of dispersants via both surface application and subsea injection. The magnitude of the spill stimulated interest and funding for research on oil spill response, and dispersant use in particular. This study assesses the effects and efficacy of dispersants as an oil spill response tool and evaluates trade-offs associated with dispersant use. Table of ContentsFront MatterSUMMARY1 INTRODUCTION2 FATE AND TRANSPORT3 AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS4 HUMAN HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS5 TOOLS FOR DECISION MAKING6 COMPARING RESPONSE OPTIONS7 RESEARCH AND DECISION-MAKING PROTOCOLSREFERENCESAPPENDIX A: COMMITTEE AND STAFF BIOGRAPHIESAPPENDIX B: DISCLOSURE OF UNAVOIDABLE CONFLICT OF INTERESTAPPENDIX C: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSAPPENDIX D: MINORITY REPORTAPPENDIX E: CONSULTANTS' REPORTAPPENDIX F: META-ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC TOXICITY DATA

DKK 448.00
3

Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment - Polar Research Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment - Polar Research Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

U.S. Arctic waters north of the Bering Strait and west of the Canadian border encompass a vast area that is usually ice covered for much of the year, but is increasingly experiencing longer periods and larger areas of open water due to climate change. Sparsely inhabited with a wide variety of ecosystems found nowhere else, this region is vulnerable to damage from human activities. As oil and gas, shipping, and tourism activities increase, the possibilities of an oil spill also increase. How can we best prepare to respond to such an event in this challenging environment?Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment reviews the current state of the science regarding oil spill response and environmental assessment in the Arctic region north of the Bering Strait, with emphasis on the potential impacts in U.S. waters. This report describes the unique ecosystems and environment of the Arctic and makes recommendations to provide an effective response effort in these challenging conditions. According to Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment, a full range of proven oil spill response technologies is needed in order to minimize the impacts on people and sensitive ecosystems. This report identifies key oil spill research priorities, critical data and monitoring needs, mitigation strategies, and important operational and logistical issues. The Arctic acts as an integrating, regulating, and mediating component of the physical, atmospheric and cryospheric systems that govern life on Earth. Not only does the Arctic serve as regulator of many of the Earth's large-scale systems and processes, but it is also an area where choices made have substantial impact on life and choices everywhere on planet Earth. This report's recommendations will assist environmentalists, industry, state and local policymakers, and anyone interested in the future of this special region to preserve and protect it from damaging oil spills. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Environmental Conditions and Natural Resources in the U.S. Arctic3 Arctic Oil Spill Response Research4 Operations, Logistics, and Coordination in an Arctic Oil Spill5 Strategies for Response and MitigationReferencesAppendix A: Committee and Staff BiographiesAppendix B: National Research Council Board RostersAppendix C: Acronyms Used in the Report

DKK 429.00
3

Land Use Planning and Oil and Gas Leasing on Onshore Federal Lands - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Land Use Planning and Oil and Gas Leasing on Onshore Federal Lands - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Examines the consideration of oil and gas leasing in the land use planning processes of the Bureau of Land Management and Forest Service. This book was required by the Federal Onshore Oil and Gas Leasing Reform Act of 1987. It identifies problems caused by leasing practices and the availability and reliability of information at the planning stage.

DKK 318.00
3

Assessing the Effects of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill on Human Health - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Assessing the Effects of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill on Human Health - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

From the origin of the leak, to the amount of oil released into the environment, to the spill's duration, the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill poses unique challenges to human health. The risks associated with extensive, prolonged use of dispersants, with oil fumes, and with particulate matter from controlled burns are also uncertain. There have been concerns about the extent to which hazards, such as physical and chemical exposures and social and economic disruptions, will impact the overall health of people who live and work near the area of the oil spill. Although studies of previous oil spills provide some basis for identifying and mitigating the human health effects of these exposures, the existing data are insufficient to fully understand and predict the overall impact of hazards from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on the health of workers, volunteers, residents, visitors, and special populations. Assessing the Effects of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill on Human Health identifies populations at increased risks for adverse health effects and explores effective communication strategies to convey health information to these at-risk populations. The book also discusses the need for appropriate surveillance systems to monitor the spill's potential short- and long-term health effects on affected communities and individuals. Assessing the Effects of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill on Human Health is a useful resource that can help policy makers, public health officials, academics, community advocates, scientists, and members of the public collaborate to create a monitoring and surveillance system that results in "actionable" information and that identifies emerging health risks in specific populations.

DKK 292.00
3

High-Performance Bolting Technology for Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Operations - National Materials And Manufacturing Board - Bog - National

High-Performance Bolting Technology for Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Operations - National Materials And Manufacturing Board - Bog - National

Commercially significant amounts of crude oil and natural gas lie under the continental shelf of the United States. Advances in locating deposits, and improvements in drilling and recovery technology, have made it technically and economically feasible to extract these resources under harsh conditions. But extracting these offshore petroleum resources involves the possibility, however remote, of oil spills, with resulting damage to the ocean and the coastline ecosystems and risks to life and limb of those performing the extraction. The environmental consequences of an oil spill can be more severe underwater than on land because sea currents can quickly disperse the oil over a large area and, thus, cleanup can be problematic. Bolted connections are an integral feature of deep-water well operations. High-Performance Bolting Technology for Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Operations summarizes strategies for improving the reliability of fasteners used in offshore oil exploration equipment, as well as best practices from other industrial sectors. It focuses on critical bolting—bolts, studs, nuts, and fasteners used on critical connections. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 The Challenges of Subsea Fastener Reliability Improvement2 Assessment of Critical Subsea Bolting System Design Elements3 Options for Improving Bolting Reliability4 Safety Culture and Human Systems Integration5 Innovation Opportunities6 Summary of RecommendationsAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Mapping of Statement of Task to Report ChaptersAppendix C: AcronymsAppendix D: Brief History of Subsea Oil ExplorationAppendix E: Selected Subsea Bolt FailuresAppendix F: Recent Industry and Regulator Response to Critical Subsea Bolt FailuresAppendix G: Subsea Environmental Factors for Fastener DesignAppendix H: Bolting Regulations and StandardsAppendix I: Drilling Riser DesignAppendix J: Bolting PreloadAppendix K: Threaded Fastener Failure ModesAppendix L: Committee BiographiesAppendix M: Disclosure of Conflict of Interest

DKK 396.00
1