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Global Sources of Local Pollution - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Global Sources of Local Pollution - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Recent advances in air pollution monitoring and modeling capabilities have made it possible to show that air pollution can be transported long distances and that adverse impacts of emitted pollutants cannot be confined to one country or even one continent. Pollutants from traffic, cooking stoves, and factories emitted half a world away can make the air we inhale today more hazardous for our health. The relative importance of this "imported" pollution is likely to increase, as emissions in developing countries grow, and air quality standards in industrial countries are tightened. Global Sources of Local Pollution examines the impact of the long-range transport of four key air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, mercury, and persistent organic pollutants) on air quality and pollutant deposition in the United States. It also explores the environmental impacts of U.S. emissions on other parts of the world. The book recommends that the United States work with the international community to develop an integrated system for determining pollution sources and impacts and to design effective response strategies. This book will be useful to international, federal, state, and local policy makers responsible for understanding and managing air pollution and its impacts on human health and well-being.

DKK 642.00
1

Hidden Costs of Energy - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Hidden Costs of Energy - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Despite the many benefits of energy, most of which are reflected in energy market prices, the production, distribution, and use of energy causes negative effects. Many of these negative effects are not reflected in energy market prices. When market failures like this occur, there may be a case for government interventions in the form of regulations, taxes, fees, tradable permits, or other instruments that will motivate recognition of these external or hidden costs. The Hidden Costs of Energy defines and evaluates key external costs and benefits that are associated with the production, distribution, and use of energy, but are not reflected in market prices. The damage estimates presented are substantial and reflect damages from air pollution associated with electricity generation, motor vehicle transportation, and heat generation. The book also considers other effects not quantified in dollar amounts, such as damages from climate change, effects of some air pollutants such as mercury, and risks to national security. While not a comprehensive guide to policy, this analysis indicates that major initiatives to further reduce other emissions, improve energy efficiency, or shift to a cleaner electricity generating mix could substantially reduce the damages of external effects. A first step in minimizing the adverse consequences of new energy technologies is to better understand these external effects and damages. The Hidden Costs of Energy will therefore be a vital informational tool for government policy makers, scientists, and economists in even the earliest stages of research and development on energy technologies. Table of ContentsFront MatterHidden Costs of EnergySummary1 Introduction2 Energy for Electricity3 Energy for Transportation4 Energy for Heat5 Climate Change6 Infrastructure and Security7 Overall Conclusions and RecommendationsReferencesAbbreviationsCommon Units and ConversionsAppendixesAppendix A: Biographic Information on the Committee on Health, Environmental, and Other External Costs and Benefits of Energy Production and ConsumptionAppendix B: A Simple Diagrammatic Example of an ExternalityAppendix C: Description of the Air Pollution Emission Experiments and Policy (APEEP) Model and Its ApplicationAppendix D: Description of GREET and Mobile6 Models and Their ApplicationsAppendix E: Supplemental Information on Land-Use Externalities from Biofuels: A Case Study of the Boone River Watershed

DKK 396.00
1

Achieving High-Performance Federal Facilities - Board On Infrastructure And The Constructed Environment - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Achieving High-Performance Federal Facilities - Board On Infrastructure And The Constructed Environment - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The design, construction, operation, and retrofit of buildings is evolving in response to ever-increasing knowledge about the impact of indoor environments on people and the impact of buildings on the environment. Research has shown that the quality of indoor environments can affect the health, safety, and productivity of the people who occupy them. Buildings are also resource intensive, accounting for 40 percent of primary energy use in the United States, 12 percent of water consumption, and 60 percent of all non-industrial waste. The processes for producing electricity at power plants and delivering it for use in buildings account for 40 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. The U.S. federal government manages approximately 429,000 buildings of many types with a total square footage of 3.34 billion worldwide, of which about 80 percent is owned space. More than 30 individual departments and agencies are responsible for managing these buildings. The characteristics of each agency's portfolio of facilities are determined by its mission and its programs. In 2010, GSA's Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings asked the National Academies to appoint an ad hoc committee of experts to conduct a public workshop and prepare a report that identified strategies and approaches for achieving a range of objectives associated with high-performance green federal buildings. Achieving High-Performance Federal Facilities identifies examples of important initiatives taking place and available resources. The report explores how these examples could be used to help make sustainability the preferred choice at all levels of decision making. Achieving High-Performance Federal Facilities can serve as a valuable guide federal agencies with differing missions, types of facilities, and operating procedures.

DKK 260.00
1

The Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Do persons exposed to radiation suffer genetic effects that threaten their yet-to-be-born children? Researchers are concluding that the genetic risks of radiation are less than previously thought. This finding is explored in this volume about the children of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki--the population that can provide the greatest insight into this critical issue. Assembled here for the first time are papers representing more than 40 years of research. These documents reveal key results related to radiation's effects on pregnancy termination, sex ratio, congenital defects, and early mortality of children. Edited by two of the principal architects of the studies, J. V. Neel and W. J. Schull, the volume also offers an important comparison with studies of the genetic effects of radiation on mice. The wealth of technical details will be immediately useful to geneticists and other specialists. Policymakers will be interested in the overall conclusions and discussion of future studies.

DKK 760.00
1

Rangeland Heath - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Rangeland Heath - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Rangelands comprise between 40 and 50 percent of all U.S. land and serve the nation both as productive areas for wildlife, recreational use, and livestock grazing and as watersheds. The health and management of rangelands have been matters for scientific inquiry and public debate since the 1880s, when reports of widespread range degradation and livestock losses led to the first attempts to inventory and classify rangelands. Scientists are now questioning the utility of current methods of rangeland classification and inventory, as well as the data available to determine whether rangelands are being degraded. These experts, who are using the same methods and data, have come to different conclusions. This book examines the scientific basis of methods used by federal agencies to inventory, classify, and monitor rangelands; it assesses the success of these methods; and it recommends improvements. The book's findings and recommendations are of interest to the public; scientists; ranchers; and local, state, and federal policymakers.

DKK 351.00
1

Improving Access to and Equity of Care for People with Serious Illness - Roundtable On Quality Care For People With Serious Illness - Bog - National

Improving Access to and Equity of Care for People with Serious Illness - Roundtable On Quality Care For People With Serious Illness - Bog - National

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that approximately 40 million people in the United States suffer from a serious illness that limits their daily activities. These illnesses include heart and lung disease, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. However, significant disparities exist across different communities in the quality and access to care for these illnesses. Factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, geography, socioeconomic status, or insurance status exacerbate these complex disparities. It is critical to reevaluate the current models of care delivery across diverse communities and vulnerable populations. On April 4, 2019, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to investigate barriers, policy initiatives, and opportunities for improving access to and equity of care for people living with a serious illness. Discussions explored the current climate of health care and opportunities to improve access to care using organizational, community, patient and family, and clinician perspectives. This publication summarizes the discussions and presentations from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront MatterProceedings of a WorkshopAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Workshop Agenda

DKK 318.00
1

Collaborations of Consequence - The National Academies Keck Futures Initiative - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Collaborations of Consequence - The National Academies Keck Futures Initiative - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

This publication represents the culmination of the National AcademiesKeck Futures Initiative (NAKFI), a program of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the National Academy of Medicine supported by a 15-year, $40 million grant from the W. M. Keck Foundation to advance the future of science through interdisciplinary research. From 2003 to 2017, more than 2,000 researchers and other professionals across disciplines and sectors attended an annual "think-tank" style conference to contemplate real-world challenges. Seed grants awarded to conference participants enabled further pursuit of bold, new research and ideas generated at the conference. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 NAKFI Origins and Evolution2 Lessons from Developing a Robust and Flexible Model3 The Creative Destruction and Evolution of the Futures Model4 Fifteen Years of Innovation and ImpactEpilogue: Beyond BoundariesReferencesAppendix I: Governance and Conference Steering CommitteesAppendix II: Conference Participant Lists by YearAppendix III: Summaries of Futures Grant Projects by YearAppendix IV: Communication Awards Selection Committees and Winners by YearAppendix V: Five- and Ten-Year Review Summaries and Panel MembersAppendix VI: NAKFI'S Use of Bibliometric Approaches to Demonstrating ImpactAppendix VII: In Practice: How to Think Like NAKFIAppendix VIII: Creative EngagementsAppendix IX: Oversight Committee and Staff Biographies

DKK 656.00
1

Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure - Committee On Potential Health Risks From Recurrent Lead Exposure

Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure - Committee On Potential Health Risks From Recurrent Lead Exposure

Lead is a ubiquitous metal in the environment, and its adverse effects on human health are well documented. Lead interacts at multiple cellular sites and can alter protein function in part through binding to amino acid sulfhydryl and carboxyl groups on a wide variety of structural and functional proteins. In addition, lead mimics calcium and other divalent cations, and it induces the increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Adverse effects associated with lead exposure can be observed in multiple body systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, renal, hematologic, immunologic, and reproductive systems. Lead exposure is also known to induce adverse developmental effects in utero and in the developing neonate. Lead poses an occupational health hazard, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) developed a lead standard for general industry that regulates many workplace exposures to this metal. The standard was promulgated in 1978 and encompasses several approaches for reducing exposure to lead, including the establishment of a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 µg/m3 in air (an 8-hour time-weighted average [TWA]), exposure guidelines for instituting medical surveillance, guidelines for removal from and return to work, and other risk-management strategies. An action level of 30 µg/m3 (an 8-hour TWA) for lead was established to trigger medical surveillance in employees exposed above that level for more than 30 days per year. Another provision is that any employee who has a blood lead level (BLL) of 60 µg/dL or higher or three consecutive BLLs averaging 50 µg/dL or higher must be removed from work involving lead exposure. An employee may resume work associated with lead exposure only after two BLLs are lower than 40 µg/dL. Thus, maintaining BLLs lower than 40 µg/dL was judged by OSHA to protect workers from adverse health effects. The OSHA standard also includes a recommendation that BLLs of workers who are planning a pregnancy be under 30µg/dL. In light of knowledge about the hazards posed by occupational lead exposure, the Department of Defense (DOD) asked the National Research Council to evaluate potential health risks from recurrent lead exposure of firing-range personnel. Specifically, DOD asked the National Research Council to determine whether current exposure standards for lead on DOD firing ranges protect its workers adequately.The committee also considered measures of cumulative lead dose. Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure will help to inform decisions about setting new air exposure limits for lead on firing ranges, about whether to implement limits for surface contamination, and about how to design lead-surveillance programs for range personnel appropriately. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Occupational Standards and Guidelines for Lead3 Toxicokinetics of Lead4 Noncancer Health Effects5 Cancer Effects6 ConclusionsAppendix: Biographic Information on the Committee on Potential Health Risks from Recurrent Lead Exposure of DoD Firing Range Personnel

DKK 305.00
1

Spills of Diluted Bitumen from Pipelines - Board On Chemical Sciences And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Spills of Diluted Bitumen from Pipelines - Board On Chemical Sciences And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Diluted bitumen has been transported by pipeline in the United States for more than 40 years, with the amount increasing recently as a result of improved extraction technologies and resulting increases in production and exportation of Canadian diluted bitumen. The increased importation of Canadian diluted bitumen to the United States has strained the existing pipeline capacity and contributed to the expansion of pipeline mileage over the past 5 years. Although rising North American crude oil production has resulted in greater transport of crude oil by rail or tanker, oil pipelines continue to deliver the vast majority of crude oil supplies to U.S. refineries. Spills of Diluted Bitumen from Pipelines examines the current state of knowledge and identifies the relevant properties and characteristics of the transport, fate, and effects of diluted bitumen and commonly transported crude oils when spilled in the environment. This report assesses whether the differences between properties of diluted bitumen and those of other commonly transported crude oils warrant modifications to the regulations governing spill response plans and cleanup. Given the nature of pipeline operations, response planning, and the oil industry, the recommendations outlined in this study are broadly applicable to other modes of transportation as well. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Crude Oils3 Environmental Processes, Behavior, and Toxicity of Diluted Bitumen4 Spill Response Planning and Implementation5 Comparing Properties Affecting Transport, Fate, Effects, and Response6 Regulations Governing Spill Response Planning7 RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: GlossaryAppendix B: Committee Member and Staff Biographies

DKK 318.00
1

Research Training in the Biomedical, Behavioral, and Clinical Research Sciences - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press -

Research Training in the Biomedical, Behavioral, and Clinical Research Sciences - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press -

Comprehensive research and a highly-trained workforce are essential for the improvement of health and health care both nationally and internationally. During the past 40 years the National Research Services Award (NRSA) Program has played a large role in training the workforce responsible for dramatic advances in the understanding of various diseases and new insights that have led to more effective and targeted therapies. In spite of this program, the difficulty obtaining jobs after the postdoc period has discouraged many domestic students from pursuing graduate postdoc training. In the United States, more than 50 percent of the postdoc workforce is made up of individuals who obtained their Ph.D.s from other countries. Indeed, one can make a strong argument that the influx of highly trained and creative foreigners has contributed greatly to U.S. science over the past 70 years. Research Training in the Biomedical, Behavioral, and Clinical Research Sciences discusses a number of important issues, including: the job prospects for postdocs completing their training; questions about the continued supply of international postdocs in an increasingly competitive world; the need for equal, excellent training for all graduate students who receive NIH funding; and the need to increase the diversity of trainees. The book recommends improvements in minority recruiting, more rigorous and extensive training in the responsible conduct of research and ethics, increased emphasis on career development, more attention to outcomes, and the requirement for incorporating more quantitative thinking in the biomedical curriculum.

DKK 338.00
1

An Approach to Evaluate the Effects of Concomitant Prescribing of Opioids and Benzodiazepines on Veteran Deaths and Suicides - Health And Medicine

An Approach to Evaluate the Effects of Concomitant Prescribing of Opioids and Benzodiazepines on Veteran Deaths and Suicides - Health And Medicine

Opioid prescriptions for acute and chronic pain increased dramatically from the late 1990s into the current decade in both the civilian and the Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense treatment environments. Similarly, prescriptions for benzodiazepines also increased significantly for anxiety and insomnia. Combinations of opioid and benzodiazepines have proven fatal when taken concurrently, with research demonstrating this phenomenon for nearly 40 years. This issue is exacerbated within the veteran population because of higher rates of pain, anxiety and other related health issues due to military life. An evaluation of the relationship between opioid and benzodiazepine medication practices at the VA is necessary to improve treatment for mental health and combat-related trauma for veterans. An Approach to Evaluate the Effects of Concomitant Prescribing of Opioids and Benzodiazepines on Veteran Deaths and Suicides investigates the effects of opioid initiation and tapering strategies in the presence of benzodiazepines in veterans. This report explores neurobiology and the principles of addiction and tolerance, in addition to the current use of opioids and benzodiazepines for treating pain and anxiety in both the veteran and general population. It also provides a protocol to evaluate the relationship between opioid and benzodiazepine medication practices. This framework is a critical foundation for further research to improve concomitant opioid and benzodiazepine medication practices for veterans and the general population. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Specifying the Target Trial3 Observational Emulationof the Target Trials and Practical Considerations

DKK 318.00
1

Future Uses of the Department of Defense Joint Pathology Center Biorepository - Committee On The Review Of The Appropriate Use Of Afip's Tissue

Future Uses of the Department of Defense Joint Pathology Center Biorepository - Committee On The Review Of The Appropriate Use Of Afip's Tissue

Founded during the Civil War as the Army Medical Museum, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) amassed the world's largest collection of human pathologic specimens and was considered a premier consultation, education, and research facility by the end of the 20th century. Samples from the AFIP were instrumental in helping to solve public health mysteries, such as the sequence of the genome of the 1918 influenza virus that killed more than 40 million people worldwide. In 2005, the federal Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended that the AFIP be closed, and its biorepository was transferred to the newly created Joint Pathology Center. During the transition, the Department of Defense asked the IOM to provide advice on operating the biorepository, managing its collection, and determining appropriate future use of specimens for consultation, education, and research. Future Uses of the Department of Defense Joint Pathology Center Biorepository, the IOM proposes a series of protocols, standards, safeguards, and guidelines that could help to ensure that this national treasure continues to be available to researchers in the years to come, while protecting the privacy of the people who provided the materials and maintaining the security of their personal information. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction and Background2 Determinants of the Research Value of Biospecimens3 Ethical, Legal, and Regulatory Considerations4 Findings, Conclusions, and RecommendationsAppendix A: Public Meeting AgendasAppendix B: Contributor's Consultation Request Form Joint Pathology CenterAppendix C: DoD Instruction 3216.02 Protection of Human Subjects and Adherence to Ethical Standards in DoD-Supported ResearchAppendix D: Biographic Sketches of Committee Members, Consultants, and Staff

DKK 312.00
1

Dragon and the Elephant - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Dragon and the Elephant - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The return of the once-dormant economies of China and India to dynamism and growth is one of the most remarkable stories in recent history. The two countries are home to nearly 40 percent of the world's population, but until recently neither had played an influential role in the contemporary global economy. In the past two decades, China and India have liberalized internal economic policy, treatment of foreign investment, and trade, and have experienced economic growth at sustained high rates. From the point of view of the United States, however, the most important development in the Chinese and Indian economies in the long term may be the strides they are making in developing their own domestic innovation capacities. After a long period of underinvestment, both countries have committed to growing their science and education systems to bolster research and further economic expansion. Some observers of the recent growth have said that both countries are surging in their efforts to spur innovation; others have emphasized the potential of one country over the other; and still others have suggested that both China and India have a long way to go before achieving innovation-driven growth. With such a range of views, The National Academies set out to describe developments in both countries, in relation to each other and the rest of the world, by organizing a conference in Washington, D.C. The conference, summarized in this volume, discussed recent changes at both the macroeconomic level and also in selected industries, and explored the causes and implications of those changes.

DKK 208.00
1

Remediation of Buried Chemical Warfare Materiel - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Remediation of Buried Chemical Warfare Materiel - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

As the result of disposal practices from the early to mid-twentieth century, approximately 250 sites in 40 states, the District of Columbia, and 3 territories are known or suspected to have buried chemical warfare materiel (CWM). Much of this CWM is likely to occur in the form of small finds that necessitate the continuation of the Army's capability to transport treatment systems to disposal locations for destruction. Of greatest concern for the future are sites in residential areas and large sites on legacy military installations. The Army mission regarding the remediation of recovered chemical warfare materiel (RCWM) is turning into a program much larger than the existing munition and hazardous substance cleanup programs. The Army asked the Nation Research Council (NRC) to examine this evolving mission in part because this change is significant and becoming even more prominent as the stockpile destruction is nearing completion. One focus in this report is the current and future status of the Non-Stockpile Chemical Material Project (NSCMP), which now plays a central role in the remediation of recovered chemical warfare materiel and which reports to the Chemical Materials Agency. Remediation of Buried Chemical Warfare Materiel also reviews current supporting technologies for cleanup of CWM sites and surveys organizations involved with remediation of suspected CWM disposal sites to determine current practices and coordination. In this report, potential deficiencies in operational areas based on the review of current supporting technologies for cleanup of CWM sites and develop options for targeted research and development efforts to mitigate potential problem areas are identified.

DKK 292.00
1

Opportunities for the Gulf Research Program: Monitoring Ecosystem Restoration and Deep Water Environments - Gulf Research Program - Bog - National

Opportunities for the Gulf Research Program: Monitoring Ecosystem Restoration and Deep Water Environments - Gulf Research Program - Bog - National

Environmental monitoring in the Gulf of Mexico poses extensive challenges and significant opportunities. Multiple jurisdictions manage this biogeographically and culturally diverse region, whose monitoring programs tend to be project-specific by design and funding. As a result, these programs form more of a monitoring patchwork then a network. At the same time, the Gulf monitoring community faces a unique opportunity to organize and think differently about monitoring - including how best to allocate and manage the resources for this large marine ecosystem and its communities - as a result of the infusion of resources for environmental restoration and related activities after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Opportunities for the Gulf Research Program: Monitoring Ecosystem Restoration and Deep Water Environments summarizes a Gulf Research Program workshop held on September 3-4, 2014 in New Orleans, Louisiana. The workshop gathered about 40 participants from the energy industry, state and federal government, academia, and nongovernmental organizations to examine two broad issues that were seen as time-sensitive opportunities in light of significant investments in the Gulf for restoration and accelerating development of energy resources in the deep Gulf: monitoring ecosystem restoration and deep water environments. As participants explored potential opportunities for the Program to consider, they noted the essential role that communication and outreach play in successful monitoring, and the importance of applying an ecosystem service approach to monitoring, forging partnerships among stakeholders, and supporting efforts to organize and manage monitoring data. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Environmental Monitoring: Lessons Learned, Needs and Opportunities in the Gulf of Mexico3 Monitoring to Support Environmental Restoration4 Monitoring Needs in the Deep Gulf of Mexico5 Workshop SynopsisReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Speaker BiographiesAppendix C: Attendees' Roster

DKK 266.00
1

Contemporary Issues for Protecting Patients in Cancer Research - National Cancer Policy Forum - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Contemporary Issues for Protecting Patients in Cancer Research - National Cancer Policy Forum - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In the nearly 40 years since implementation of federal regulations governing the protection of human participants in research, the number of clinical studies has grown exponentially. These studies have become more complex, with multisite trials now common, and there is increasing use of archived biospecimens and related data, including genomics data. In addition, growing emphasis on targeted cancer therapies requires greater collaboration and sharing of research data to ensure that rare patient subsets are adequately represented. Electronic records enable more extensive data collection and mining, but also raise concerns about the potential for inappropriate or unauthorized use of data, bringing patient protections into a new landscape. There are also long-standing concerns about the processes and forms used to obtain informed consent from patients participating in clinical studies. These changes and challenges raise new ethical and practical questions for the oversight of clinical studies, and for protecting patients and their health information in an efficient manner that does not compromise the progress of biomedical research. Contemporary Issues for Protecting Patients in Cancer Research is the summary of a workshop convened by the National Cancer Policy Forum of the Institute of Medicine in February 2014 to explore contemporary issues in human subjects protections as they pertain to cancer research, with the goal of identifying potential relevant policy actions. Clinical researchers, government officials, members of Institutional Review Boards, and patient advocates met to discuss clinical cancer research and oversight. This report examines current regulatory provisions that may not adequately protect patients or may be hindering research, and discusses potential strategies and actions to address those challenges.

DKK 253.00
1

Plans and Practices for Groundwater Protection at the Los Alamos National Laboratory - Committee For The Technical Assessment Of Environmental

Plans and Practices for Groundwater Protection at the Los Alamos National Laboratory - Committee For The Technical Assessment Of Environmental

The world's first nuclear bomb was a developed in 1954 at a site near the town of Los Alamos, New Mexico. Designated as the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in 1981, the 40-square-mile site is today operated by Log Alamos National Security LLC under contract to the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Like other sites in the nation's nuclear weapons complex, the LANL site harbors a legacy of radioactive waste and environmental contamination. Radioactive materials and chemical contaminants have been detected in some portions of the groundwater beneath the site. Under authority of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the State of New Mexico regulates protection of its water resources through the New Mexico Environment Department (NMED). In 1995 NMED found LANL's groundwater monitoring program to be inadequate. Consequently LANL conducted a detailed workplan to characterize the site's hydrogeology in order to develop an effective monitoring program. The study described in Plans and Practices for Groundwater Protection at the Los Alamos National Laboratory: Final Report was initially requested by NNSA, which turned to the National Academies for technical advice and recommendations regarding several aspects of LANL's groundwater protection program. The DOE Office of Environmental Management funded the study. The study came approximately at the juncture between completion of LANL's hydrogeologic workplan and initial development of a sitewide monitoring plan. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Framework for Groundwater Protection at LANL3 Contamination Sources and Source Control4 Pathways for Contaminant Transport5 Monitoring and Data Quality6 Findings and RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A Presentations to the CommitteeAppendix B Committee BiographiesAppendix C AcronymsColor Plates

DKK 149.00
1

Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades - Committee On Independent Scientific Review Of Everglades Restoration Progress - Bog - National Academies

Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades - Committee On Independent Scientific Review Of Everglades Restoration Progress - Bog - National Academies

During the past century, the Everglades, one of the world's treasured ecosystems, has been dramatically altered by drainage and water management infrastructure to improve flood management, urban water supply, and agricultural production. The remnants of the original Everglades now compete for water with urban and agricultural interests and are impaired by contaminated runoff from these two sectors. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), a joint effort launched by the state and the federal government in 2000, seeks to reverse the decline of the ecosystem. The multibillion-dollar project was originally envisioned as a 30- to 40-year effort to achieve ecological restoration by reestablishing the natural hydrologic characteristics of the Everglades, where feasible, and to create a water system that serves the needs of both the natural and the human systems of South Florida. In establishing the CERP, Congress also requested that an independent scientific review be conducted on progress toward restoration with biennial reports. The National Academies' Committee on Independent Scientific Review of Everglades Restoration Progress has provided biennial reviews of restoration progress and advice on scientific and engineering issues that may impact progress since 2004. This eighth study of the series describes substantive accomplishments over the past 2 years and reviews developments in research, monitoring, and assessment that inform restoration decision making. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Eighth Biennial Review - 2020 also reviews the recently developed Combined Operational Plan, which is a prerequisite for CERP progress in the central Everglades, and examines issues facing the northern and southern estuaries, including priorities for science to support restoration decision making. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 The Restoration Plan in Context3 Restoration Progress4 Combined Operational Plan5 Estuaries and Coastal Systems6 Science to Support Decision MakingReferencesAppendix A: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Everglades ReportsAppendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff

DKK 500.00
1

Effective Tracking of Building Energy Use - Panel On Redesigning The Commercial Buildings And Residential Energy Consumption Surveys Of The Ene - Bog

Effective Tracking of Building Energy Use - Panel On Redesigning The Commercial Buildings And Residential Energy Consumption Surveys Of The Ene - Bog

The United States is responsible for nearly one-fifth of the world's energy consumption. Population growth, and the associated growth in housing, commercial floor space, transportation, goods, and services is expected to cause a 0.7 percent annual increase in energy demand for the foreseeable future. The energy used by the commercial and residential sectors represents approximately 40 percent of the nation's total energy consumption, and the share of these two sectors is expected to increase in the future. The Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) and Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) are two major surveys conducted by the Energy Information Administration. The surveys are the most relevant sources of data available to researchers and policy makers on energy consumption in the commercial and residential sectors. Many of the design decisions and operational procedures for the CBECS and RECS were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, and resource limitations during much of the time since then have prevented EIA from making significant changes to the data collections. Effective Tracking of Building Energy Use makes recommendations for redesigning the surveys based on a review of evolving data user needs and an assessment of new developments in relevant survey methods. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Historical Background3 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey Program History and Design4 Residential Energy Consumption Survey Program History and Design5 Redesigning the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey6 Redesigning the Residential Energy Consumption Survey7 A State-of-the-Art Energy Consumption Data Collection ProgramReferencesAppendix A: Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (P.L. 110-140)Appendix B: Data Users Who Provided Input to the PanelAppendix C: U.S. Census Regions and DivisionsAppendix D: U.S. Climate Zones for the 2003 CBECSAppendix E: Composite EstimationAppendix F: Letter ReportAppendix G: GlossaryAppendix H: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and StaffCommittee on National StatisticsBoard on Energy and Environmental Systems

DKK 240.00
1

Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

During the past century, the Everglades, one of the world's treasured ecosystems, has been dramatically altered by drainage and water management infrastructure that was intended to improve flood management, urban water supply, and agricultural production. The remnants of the original Everglades now compete for water with urban and agricultural interests and are impaired by contaminated runoff from these two sectors. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), a joint effort launched by the state and the federal government in 2000, seeks to reverse the decline of the ecosystem. The multibillion-dollar project was originally envisioned as a 30- to 40-year effort to achieve ecological restoration by reestablishing the natural hydrologic characteristics of the Everglades, where feasible, and to create a water system that serves the needs of both the natural and the human systems of South Florida. Over the past two years, impressive progress has been made in planning new CERP projects, and the vision for CERP water storage is now becoming clear. Construction and completion of authorized CERP projects will likely take several decades, and at this pace of restoration, it is even more imperative that agencies anticipate and design for the Everglades of the future. This seventh biennial review assesses the progress made in meeting the goals of the CERP and provides an in-depth review of CERP monitoring, with particular emphasis on project-level monitoring and assessment. It reviews developments in research and assessment that inform restoration decision making, and identifies issues for in-depth evaluation considering new CERP program developments, policy initiatives, or improvements in scientific knowledge that have implications for restoration progress. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 The Restoration Plan in Context3 Restoration Progress4 Monitoring and Assessment5 Lake Okeechobee Regulation6 A CERP Mid-Course Assessment: Supporting Sound Decision Making for the Future EvergladesReferencesAppendix A: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Everglades ReportsAppendix B: Water Science and Technology Board and the Board on Environmental Studies and ToxicologyAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff

DKK 500.00
1

Human Behavior in Military Contexts - Cognitive Board On Behavioral - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Human Behavior in Military Contexts - Cognitive Board On Behavioral - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Human behavior forms the nucleus of military effectiveness. Humans operating in the complex military system must possess the knowledge, skills, abilities, aptitudes, and temperament to perform their roles effectively in a reliable and predictable manner, and effective military management requires understanding of how these qualities can be best provided and assessed. Scientific research in this area is critical to understanding leadership, training and other personnel issues, social interactions and organizational structures within the military. The U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) asked the National Research Council to provide an agenda for basic behavioral and social research focused on applications in both the short and long-term. The committee responded by recommending six areas of research on the basis of their relevance, potential impact, and timeliness for military needs: intercultural competence; teams in complex environments; technology-based training; nonverbal behavior; emotion; and behavioral neurophysiology. The committee suggests doubling the current budget for basic research for the behavioral and social sciences across U.S. military research agencies. The additional funds can support approximately 40 new projects per year across the committee's recommended research areas. Human Behavior in Military Contexts includes committee reports and papers that demonstrate areas of stimulating, ongoing research in the behavioral and social sciences that can enrich the military's ability to recruit, train, and enhance the performance of its personnel, both organizationally and in its many roles in other cultures. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive SummaryPART I: COMMITTEE REPORT1 Overview2 Intercultural Competence3 Teams in Complex Environments4 Technology and Training5 Nonverbal Communication6 Emotion7 Behavioral NeurophysiologyReferencesPART II: PAPERSCulture and Negotiations--Michele J. GelfandAdult Second Language Acquisition: A Cognitive Science Perspective--Judith F. KrollTechnology-Based Training--Arthur C. Graesser and Brandon KingNonverbal Communication--Nicole C. KrämerThe Science of Emotion: What People Believe, What the Evidence Shows, and Where to Go From Here--Lisa Feldman BarrettNeurophysiological Approaches to Understanding Behavior--Todd F. Heatherton, Anne C. Krendl, and Dylan D. Wagner

DKK 435.00
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Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades - Committee On Independent Scientific Review Of Everglades Restoration Progress - Bog - National Academies

Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades - Committee On Independent Scientific Review Of Everglades Restoration Progress - Bog - National Academies

Over the past century, the Everglades has been dramatically altered by drainage and water management infrastructure intended to improve flood management, urban water supply, and agricultural production. Less than half of the original Everglades remain, and these remnants compete for water with urban and agricultural interests, all the while being impaired by contaminated runoff. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) was established in 2000 as a joint effort by the state and federal government to reverse the decline of the ecosystem. The multibillion project aims to restore the ecosystem over the course of 30 to 40 years by reestablishing the natural hydrological characteristics of the Everglades where feasible and ultimately creating a water system that serves both the natural and human needs of South Florida. Since 2004, a National Academies committee has provided a series of independent, peer-reviewed assessments of CERP progress. Implementation of CERP projects has occurred at a remarkable pace over the past two years due to record funding levels. Ecosystem responses are evident over large areas of the central and western Everglades after implementation of recent restoration initiatives. This progress in implementation has increased the importance of analyzing and synthesizing natural system responses. The committee review of ongoing progress highlights the need for rigorous scientific support for water quality improvement in stormwater treatment areas and modeling for a wider range of plausible climate conditions. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Ninth Biennial Review - 2022 recommends the development of a multiagency Everglades restoration science plan to ensure the needed tools, research, analysis, and synthesis are available to support critical restoration management decisions. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 The Restoration Plan in Context3 Restoration Progress4 STA Water Quality and CERP Progress5 Restoration in the Context of Climate Change6 Science Plan to Support Restoration of the South Florida EcosystemReferencesAppendix A: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Everglades ReportsAppendix B: STA Performance SummaryAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff

DKK 403.00
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Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Everglades ecosystem is vast, stretching more than 200 miles from Orlando to Florida Bay, and Everglades National Park is but a part located at the southern end. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the historical Everglades has been reduced to half of its original size, and what remains is not the pristine ecosystem many image it to be, but one that has been highly engineered and otherwise heavily influenced, and is intensely managed by humans. Rather than slowly flowing southward in a broad river of grass, water moves through a maze of canals, levees, pump stations, and hydraulic control structures, and a substantial fraction is diverted from the natural system to meet water supply and flood control needs. The water that remains is polluted by phosphorus and other contaminants originating from agriculture and other human activities. Many components of the natural system are highly degraded and continue to degrade. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades is the fifth biennial review of progress made in meeting the goals of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). This complex, multibillion-dollar project to protect and restore the remaining Everglades has a 30-40 year timeline. This report assesses progress made in the various separate project components and discusses specific scientific and engineering issues that may impact further progress. According to Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades, a dedicated source of funding could provide ongoing long-term system-wide monitoring and assessment that is critical to meeting restoration objectives. The report makes recommendations for restoration activities, project management strategies, management of invasive nonnative species, and high-priority research needs. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 The Restoration Plan in Context3 Central Everglades Planning Project4 Implementation Progress5 Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise: Implications for Everglades Restoration6 Biological Invasions and Everglades Restoration7 Use of Science in Decision MakingReferencesAcronymsAppendix A: National Research Council Everglades ReportsAppendix B: Additional Major Nonnative Plant and Animal Species in the EvergladesAppendix C: Water Science and Technology Board; Board on Environmental Studies and ToxicologyAppendix D: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff

DKK 526.00
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